Introduction
The Gospels speak of a time of solitude of Jesus in the wilderness immediately after his baptism by John: "Pushed by the Spirit" into the desert, Jesus dwells there forty days without eating; he lives with the wild beasts and the angels serve him (cf. Mk 1:12-13). At the end of this time, Satan tempts him three times seeking to question his filial attitude toward God. Jesus repels these attacks that recapitulate the temptations of Adam in Paradise and Israel in the wilderness, and the devil moves away from him "to return to the marked time" (Lk 4:13).
The Evangelists indicate the salvific meaning of this mysterious event. Jesus is the new Adam, remaining faithful where the first succumbed to temptation. Jesus perfectly fulfills israel's vocation: unlike those who once provoked God for forty years in the wilderness (cf. Ps 95:10), Christ reveals himself as the Servant of God totally obedient to the divine will. In this, Jesus is victorious over the devil: he has "tied up the strong man" to take back his booty (Mk 3:27). Jesus' victory over the tempter in the wilderness anticipates the victory of the passion, the supreme obedience of his filial love of the Father.
The temptation of Jesus manifests the way in which the Son of God is Messiah, in contrast to that proposed to him by Satan and which men (cf. Mt 16:21-23) desire to attribute to him. This is why Christ defeated the Tempter for us: "For we do not have a high priest powerless to sympathize with our weaknesses, he who has been tried in everything, in a similar way, except for sin" (Heb 4:15). What about the desert?
The desert, place of temptation
Above all, the desert, where Jesus withdraws, is the place of silence, of poverty, where man is deprived of material support and is faced with the fundamental questions of existence, he is pushed to go to the essential and precisely for this, it is easier for him to meet God. But the desert is also the place of death, for where there is no water, there is also no life, and it is the place of solitude, in which man feels temptation more intensely. Jesus goes into the wilderness, and there he is tempted to leave the way indicated by the Father to follow other easier ways that belong to the world (cf. Mt 4:1-11; Mk 1:12-15; Lk 4:1-13). Thus, he takes charge of our temptations, carries with Him our poverty, to overcome the evil one and open the way to God, the way of conversion.
Reflecting on the temptations to which Jesus is subjected in the wilderness is an invitation for each of us to answer a fundamental question: what really matters in my life? In the first temptation, the devil proposes to Jesus to change a stone into bread to appease his hunger. Jesus answers that man also lives on bread, but not only on bread: without an answer to the hunger for truth, to the hunger of God, man cannot save himself (cf. Lk 4:3-4). In the second temptation, the devil proposes to Jesus the way of power: he takes him higher and offers him dominion of the world; but this is not the way of God: Jesus knows well that it is not the power of the world that saves the world, but the power of the cross, of humility, of love (cf. Lk 4, 5-8). In the third temptation, the devil proposes to Jesus to throw himself from the pinnacle of the Temple in Jerusalem and be saved by God through his angels, that is, to accomplish something sensational to put God himself to the test; but the answer is that God is not an object to which we can impose our conditions: he is the Lord of all things (cf. Lk 4:9-12). What is the heart of the three temptations jesus is experiencing? It is the proposal to instrumentalize God, to use Him for one's own interests, to appropriate God's name for one's own glory and for one's own success. And so, in essence, to take the place of God, eliminating him from his existence and making him seem superfluous. Everyone should then ask themselves: what place does God have in my life? Is He the Lord or am I the one who is glorified?
Overcoming temptation
Overcoming the temptation to submit God to oneself and one's own interests or to relegate him to a corner and convert to the right order of priority, to give God the first place, is a path that every Christian must always travel again. "To be converted" is an invitation to take risks, which means to follow Jesus so that his Gospel may be a concrete guide to life; it suggests that it is God who transforms us, and we must stop thinking that we are the only masters of our existence; it means recognizing that we are creatures, that we depend on God, on His love, and that only by "losing" our lives can we gain it in Him. This requires us to make our choices in the light of God's Word. Today, one can no longer be Christians simply as a result of living in a society that has Christian roots: even those who are born into a Christian family and who are religiously educated must, every day, renew the choice to be Christian, that is, give God the first place, in the face of the temptations that secularized culture continually offers him, in the face of the critical judgment of many contemporaries.
The temptations to which today's society subjects the Christian, in fact, are numerous, and affect personal, religious and social life. It is not easy to be faithful to Christian marriage, to practice mercy in daily life, to leave room for prayer and inner silence. It is not easy to publicly oppose choices that many consider obvious, such as the seven deadly sins listed by the Church and defined as seven types of temptations: lust, gluttony, avarice, laziness, envy, anger and pride. And above all, as St. Thomas Aquinas affirms, only pride is a truly demonic temptation, because it corresponds in reality to the temptation of death and destruction.
For Kierkegaard, temptation is a phenomenon comparable to vertigo, a kind of metaphysical vertigo.
What happens when you feel dizzy? One is both terrified and fascinated by the emptiness hence the increased danger of the fatal fall. However, in the metaphysical vertigo of temptation, it is the emptiness of the possible that fascinates and terrifies us at the same time. Kierkegaard perfectly pointed out that temptation is the testing of our freedom, because temptation always places us in the alternative of giving in or resisting the desire it amplifies. This " or... or... " is a source of anxiety, because nothing really justifies a choice to the detriment of the other. This is the kind of temptation that our society offers us today. We are always tempted to submit God to our will, to ourselves.
This means that the temptation to set aside one's own faith and live in a disorderly manner is always present and conversion must be a concrete response to God that must be confirmed several times in our lives. Examples and encouragement can be found in great conversions such as that of the Apostle Paul on the road to Damascus, or of St. Augustine, but even in our time of eclipse of the sense of the sacred, God's grace is at work and accomplishes wonders in the lives of many people. Like Christ, we can overcome our temptations, avoid the emptiness that sucks us in, resist the vertigo of aesthetics. The Lord never tires of knocking on man's door in social and cultural circles that seem to be engulfed by secularization. In our time, there are many conversions understood as the return of those who, after a perhaps superficial Christian upbringing, have distanced themselves for years from the faith and then rediscover Christ and his Gospel. "If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will enter their home; I will have my meal with him, and he with me" (Rv 3:20). Our inner man must prepare himself to be visited by God, and that is precisely why he must not allow himself to be invaded by illusions, by appearances, by material things.
Prof. Jimi Zacka, PhD
Biblical theology researcher