Abstract
This essay explores
the intersection between the biblical text of John 7:12 and the modern issue of
misinformation or "fake news," particularly as it relates to
Christian ethics, witness, and discernment. By exegeting John 7:12 in its
narrative and theological context, we uncover how the polarization of public
opinion around Jesus mirrors current patterns of disinformation, rumor, and
ideological manipulation. The paper argues that Christians are called to be
truth-bearers in a world plagued by confusion, using the example of Jesus’
integrity and the biblical value of discernment as a foundation for digital and
relational ethics.
Keywords: fake news, information literacy,
disinformation, prophecy, Bible, Gospel of John.
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Introduction
Fake
news means “vague noise, rumor, news without guaranteed certainty”. It
comes from rumors, which is without doubt the world's oldest medium. It seems
to have a bright future, even in the most advanced and rational societies. The new means of communication - mass media,
the Internet, social networks and the telephone - give rumors an incredible
speed of propagation. Ultimately, rumors are bulimic; they feed on everything
that passes them by. So why does it appeal to us all?
It's hard to understand what rumors really
are. What's most disturbing is that belief in rumors is not the privilege of
the naive, the gullible in short of others. It concerns us all. It feeds the
conversations of profane people as well as those of Christians, in the street
as well as in the authorities. Fake news are part of our daily lives, and as
such, they crystallize many preconceived ideas. Christians are no exception,
especially when it comes to accusing others. Socrates complained about the
gossip he was the victim of, and Jesus was the victim not of what he said or
did, but of what was said about him.
1. The Nature of
Fake News in John 7:12
In the
digital age, the spread of fake news—false or misleading information presented
as fact—has become a major challenge for society. Christians, called to be
people of truth (John 14:6), must address this issue both in how they consume
information and how they communicate it. A striking biblical example of
misinformation appears in John 7:12, where conflicting reports about Jesus
circulate among the crowd:
"There was much murmuring among the people
about him. Some said, ‘He is a good man,’ while others said, ‘No, he is
misleading the people.’”
This
passage provides a framework for understanding how false narratives spread,
their dangers, and how believers should respond to them. The verse, situated in
the narrative of the Feast of Booths, presents a climate of uncertainty and
conflicting opinions surrounding Jesus. The Greek term γογγυσμῒς (goggysmos), translated as
"muttering" or "grumbling," connotes whispered discussion,
often of a suspicious or contentious nature. The two contrasting assessments— “He is good” versus “He deceives the crowd”—encapsulate the
confusion and division that misinformation can cause.
In John
7, Jesus secretly enters Jerusalem because of the growing hostility of the
Jewish leaders. The crowd buzzed with speculation. The divided opinions in
verse 12 reflect a broader theme in John: division in response to truth. The
evangelist often contrasts light and darkness, truth and falsehood, faith and
unbelief (cf. John 1:5; 3:19-21; 8:44). The fake news about Jesus stems from fear, political pressure, and theological
misunderstanding, leading to misinformation that distorts Jesus' mission.
Finally, Jesus'
crucifixion was the result of false accusations based on rumors or fake news.
This is where we see that fake news often has aversive content. It is almost
always negative. The most common type of fake news targets a person or social
group with the sole intention of causing harm. We also see that when a piece of
information is passed on to someone, the original message is often distorted,
with the messenger altering it by omitting details or even reconstructing it in
a different way.
The recipient's interpretation may add elements to the story. In the end, the
story may no longer be the same at all. I deduce that Jesus’ trial exemplifies
how misinformation can lead to injustice. In ministry, ethical leadership
demands vigilance against distortion, ensuring truth is communicated with
integrity, whether in preaching, pastoral care, or theological education.
That is
why Luke in his gospel, insists on Jesus' innocence. Five times, Pilate, like
Herod, declares that he finds no grounds for condemnation (Lk 23:4, 14, 16,
22). Similarly, at his death, the centurion will see Jesus as a righteous man (Lk
23:47). In Mark, Pilate seems more indifferent, while in Matthew, ironically,
it is the procurator who declares: Mk 27:24 : “I am innocent of this man's
blood”.
This
insistence on Jesus' innocence is all the more surprising given that Pilate
addresses him only once: Luke 23 :3: “Are you the king of the Jews?” In
comparison, not only does John have six interventions by Pilate with Jesus, but
Mark mentions three: 15:2 “Are you the king of the Jews?” 15:4a: “Do you not answer?” and 15:4b: “See all the accusations they
bring against you”. For his part, Matthew reports two: 27:11 : “Are you
the king of the Jews?” ; 27:13:” Do you not hear all the testimony brought
against you?”.
It is
clear that for Luke, and for Pilate, Jesus' innocence is beyond doubt, and the
trial thus pits the procurator against the Sanhedrin, which puts forward false
arguments before settling for a blatant revenge:” crucify him”.
2. The
Dangers of Fake News for Christians Today
It's
certainly true that the Church is no exception to the phenomenon of fake news,
particularly in African churches. Satan does the same thing. And he's often on the lookout for what's
going wrong, or what seems to be going wrong, and turns it into fake news
within the Church. Indeed, fake news often has a negative impact on the
Christian faith in Africa by creating divisions, inciting violence, and
undermining confidence in the Christian community. It's so much easier to see
the mote that's in others and not see the beam that's in your own. There are
many examples of fake news in our churches in Africa. There are religious groups that today use fake news to
produce misinformation and build false narratives about human beings and the
truth of the facts, with the clear objective of hurting people and
destabilizing society.
It has
been observed that fake news is pervasive in the political arena, where
politicians employ it to discredit their opponents. A similar trend has been
noted in Christian communities. To illustrate this point, we will use the
following example: Many religious leaders have joined the disinformation
bandwagon. In a religious environment where various actors attached to
Christian beliefs have been conducting religious proselytizing campaigns for
decades in Africa, sometimes in conflict with each other, disinformation has
become a powerful tool for simultaneously promoting certain beliefs and practices
and discrediting those of competitors on the religious scene. Following the
trends first employed by evangelicals with the creation of religious TV and
radio channels across Africa, charismatic religious figures are using the media
to increase their power, to spread sometimes distorted religious teachings and
egocentric narratives inherent in miracles. This manipulation of information
tends to exacerbate interfaith tensions and divisions.
Disinformation
campaigns can involve the dissemination of miracles, prophecies and fabricated
divine claims, with the aim of reinforcing the authority and legitimacy of
religious leaders or their organizations. These practices can lead to the
exploitation and manipulation of vulnerable populations, often financially,
further strengthening the influence of these religious actors. Disinformation
campaigns also have a significant impact on the way many citizens perceive the
world, their communities and their societies. Indeed, disinformation carried
out by religious actors in Africa often goes beyond religious contexts and
touches on political and social issues. It may concern international aid
programs or development initiatives, electoral processes or the promotion of
certain political agendas.
In
addition, the covid-19 pandemic was the source of other fake news in Africa and
elsewhere in the Churches. Messages abounded on social networks and on the
communication platforms of certain churches, claiming that the pandemic was
divine punishment. Disinformation campaigns can involve the dissemination of
miracles, prophecies and fabricated divine claims, with the aim of boosting
their reputation Some pastors have asked their followers and supporters not to
vaccinate themselves or their children. They are often called fake prophets.
In Christian tradition, the expression “fake prophets” is used in various
contexts to designate those who spread false doctrines. Today, we could use the
same expression to refer to those who spread infoxes. For this tradition, the
phenomenon of “false prophets” is at the origin of lies and false news or false
prophecies. That's why it's up to the powers that be (kings, judges, etc.) to
discern true prophets from false ones, and to combat false doctrines. Indeed,
while some writers of biblical literature refer to “false prophets” as
“dream-mongers” and invite God's people to beware of them (cf. Dt 13:2-4),
The
experience of false prophecy remains one of the crucial phenomena in the
history of Christianity. The biblical tradition also uses the image of the wolf
to represent those who divulge lies. This image was also present in the Middle
Ages, when, according to L. Gonzalez, “[...] the wolf became the embodiment par
excellence of the false prophet, who is all cunning, lies and deceit”. Thus,
like a wolf, the false prophet scatters the flock and decimates it (cf. Acts
20:29), while the good shepherd is concerned with guarding and protecting the
sheep (cf. Ps 22).
It is
in this general context of the fight against those who divulge false prophecies
that we can situate the struggles against heresies, the crusades, the
missionary conquests, etc. in the history of Christianity. And if for the
Church, the phenomenon of false prophets is an integral part of its history,
and the propagation of false doctrines is closely linked to this phenomenon,
its fight against false prophecies remains the expression of its witness to the
truth and its concern to protect Christians from the danger of relying on lies,
with all their consequences. This struggle is part of the Church's commitment
to the truth.
3. A
Theological Vision for Christian Communication
John
7:12 confronts the believer with a crucial question: How do we represent the truth of Christ in a world addicted to lies?
The answer lies not only in condemning fake news but in embodying a culture of
truth rooted in Christ: When our Christian life is linked to Holy Scripture, it
should not obey the laws that govern rumors. This is why God formally forbids the
children of Israel to indulge in rumours: "You shall not spread false rumours. You shall not join with the wicked
in bearing false witness".
The aim
is to spread a fact established by eyewitnesses, not to spread a vague,
unfounded story. Because fake news is deadly, destructive of faith. It conveys
slander, lies, criticism, murmuring and contempt.
To protect Christians from rumors, the apostle Paul recommends that they mind
their own business. The apostle James, for his part, draws the attention of
Christians to the proper use of their speech: "The tongue is a small
member, and it boasts great things. Behold how a small fire can set a great
forest ablaze! The tongue too is a fire;
it is the world of iniquity."
The
divided opinions about Jesus show how quickly misinformation can spread and
solidify into competing narratives. Christians must develop theological and
digital literacy to discern the source, motive, and impact of what they hear
and share. The Church must avoid becoming an echo chamber of ideologies and
instead become a living counter-narrative, demonstrating that truth is not
merely data but a person, Jesus Christ.
Christians
are called not merely to avoid spreading fake news, but to be agents of truth,
discernment, and peace in a noisy world. In a time when muttering and
manipulation abound, the Church must echo the voice of Christ clear,
courageous, and full of grace.
4. A
Christian Response to Fake News
Faith
not only looks to Jesus, but looks from the point of view of Jesus, with his eyes:
it is a participation in his way of seeing ". It is at this anchor point
that the stakes of the Christian faith as a contextual reception of Christ are
played out, in the face of the phenomenon of false news which today marks the
historical fabric of Christians in African environments. In these
circumstances, the practice of the Christian faith is confronted with the phenomenon
of the manipulation of consciences and the flow of false information; a
phenomenon that seems to reverse the scale of values to the point of advocating
an emancipation that rhymes with a relativization of everything, even truth.
Every Christian should attribute the same rights to truth and falsehood; far
more rights are given to falsehood than to truth, because the latter is systematically
concealed and distorted. By manipulating and falsifying the truth, fake news
challenges the Christian faith, which is based on Christ as truth. They
challenge believers in their religious convictions. Faith not only looks to Jesus, but looks from the
point of view of Jesus, with his eyes: it is a participation in his way of
seeing ". It is at this anchor point that the stakes of the Christian
faith as a contextual reception of Christ are played out, in the face of the
phenomenon of false news which today marks the historical fabric of Christians
in African environments.
5. Christians
as Truth-Bearers in a Post-Truth World
John
7:12 reveals that fake news is not a new problem, but in the digital age, its
spread is faster and more damaging. For example, as fake news alienates human
relations in today's society and in the Church, sowing hatred and discord in
intersubjective relations and undermining trust in others, which is the
foundation of every community, it is now the historic responsibility of
Christians "[...] to counteract these falsehoods. [...]. The most radical
antidote to the virus of lies is to allow ourselves to be purified by the
truth. In the Christian vision, truth is not just a conceptual reality, which
concerns judgments about things, defining them as true or false. Truth is not
just a matter of bringing obscure things to light, of “unveiling reality”, but
of having truth with the whole of life.
The
point here is to make witnessing to the truth a ground of credibility for Christian
identity, and thus to profess the Gospel on a daily basis as the Word that
gathers and unites, that comforts and reconciles across all diversities. It is
through their lifestyle, through their way of living their faith in the Church
in African environments, that Christians sign “[...] the truth of the Gospel
message and the salvation in Jesus that has come to them and to their community
of faith”.
Witnessing
to the truth of the Gospel requires positioning oneself in time and space in
relation to the truth revealed by Christ. To bear witness to it is to identify
with it through one's life, to become its co-worker in truth, to join in its
logic of combat against today's false prophets and to fight against the
pollution of the values conveyed by its Gospel (charity, justice, peace,
solidarity, joy, hope, reconciliation...).
Jimi ZACKA, PhD
Bibliography
Carson,
D. A. The Gospel According to John.
Pillar New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991.
Lewis,
C. S. La difficulté d’être vrai. In Dieu
au banc des accusés. Paris: LLB, 200
Plantinga,
A. Warranted Christian Belief.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Tubbs,
T.L., Prophetic Preaching: A Pastoral Approach. Louisville, KY:
Westminster John Knox Press, 2010
Wright,
N. T. Virtue Reborn. London: SPCK,
2010.
Huyghe
defines fake news as “[...] a message about a non-existent reality (pure
invention or bona fide press error), the contextualization of facts to produce
an effect of influence [...], a rumor or urban legend as has always existed, a
purely sensational effect aimed at surprise and therefore maximum attraction
[...], a content assumed to be false and not true [...].or urban legend of the
kind that has always existed, a purely sensational effect aimed at surprise and
therefore maximum attraction [...], content assumed to be false and
implausible, but intended to make people laugh or to test their credulity, a source
that presents itself as something it is not [...]”. Bradshaw and Howard call
fake news “phony news”.
Cf. Carson, D. A. The Gospel According to John. Pillar New Testament Commentary. Grand
Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991.
In this moment, we see the weight of injustice—truth twisted by those in power,
righteousness left exposed and vulnerable. Jesus stood before leaders who manipulated
the narrative for their own gain, reminding us how fragile honesty can be in
the face of corruption. His trial speaks to the struggle for ethical
leadership, urging us to defend truth and integrity, not just in the church but
in every corner of society.
Bauckham, R. The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple: Narrative, History, and Theology
in the Gospel of John. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2007 analyzes the
tension between faithful witness and untruthful opposition in John's Gospel.
Wright, N. T. Virtue Reborn. London: SPCK, 2010.
Plantinga, A. Warranted Christian Belief. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2000.
Indeed,
disinformation by religious actors in Africa often goes beyond the religious
framework and touches on political and social issues. It can concern electoral
processes or the promotion of certain political agendas, falsely predicting
electoral victories for a candidate using the prophetic slogan of “God has
said...”.
Christians are to believe the truth (Jn 8:32; 1 Cor. 13:7; Eph. 1:13; 2 Thess. 2:13-15; cf. Jn
20:30-31; 1 Cor. 15:1-9), be grounded
in the truth (Eph.
6:14 Titus 1:9; 2 Pet. 1:12), speak the truth (Ex. 20:16; Ps. 15:2; Prov.
8:7; 12:17, 22; Zech.
8:16 ; Eph.
4:15 , 25 ), teach
the truth (2
Cor. 4:2; 2
Tim. 2:15; Titus
2:1), rejoice
in the truth (1 Cor. 13:6), love
in truth (1
John 3:18), live
according to the truth (Ps.
25:5; 2
John 4), and worship
in truth (Ps. 145:18; John
4:24). We are, in fact, saved
by the truth of the gospel of Jesus Christ (Jn 8:31-32).
The early church father
Irenaeus rightly said: “Error never shows
itself in its naked reality, in order not to be discovered. On the contrary, it
dresses elegantly, so that the unwary may be led to believe that it is more
truthful than truth itself.” We are even warned in 2
Timothy 4:3-4 that “the time is coming
when people will not endure sound teaching, but having itching ears they will
accumulate for themselves teachers to suit their own passions, and will turn
away from listening to the truth and wander off into myths.”
Scripture commands us to test everything (1 Jn 4:1),
and Jesus in His ministry commanded that we must “not judge by appearances, but judge with right judgment” (Jn 7:24).
Tubbs, T.L., Prophetic
Preaching: A Pastoral Approach. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox
Press, 2010, underlines the prophetic call to truth in pastoral ministry,
applicable to today's challenges of disinformation.